Question and answer onTRANSDUCER

Q.-Write short note on "Transducer”?
Ans: In  common  conditions,  the  transduction  process  includes  the  modification  of  one  type  of power  into another type. This process includes detecting with nature the  feedback power  from the measurand  by means of a  "sensing element" and  then  changing  it  into another  type  by  a "transduction factor." The sensor-transduction factor mixture will therefore be generally known as the "transducer".

Measurand concerns the amount, residence, or state that the transducer looks for to change into an electric powered result.

Transducers may be categorized as self-generating and on the outside operated. Self-generating transducers create their own present or present and in the process process all the power required from the calculated. Externally operated transducers, as the name indicates, must have  power provided from an exterior resource, though they may process some power from the measurand.

    choice of a  transducer: The  choice of a  transducer  starts with  the  requirements of  the actual amount  to be  calculated. The individual must determine the  required precision of  the statistic, the length of  the analyze, and may need to consider cyclic conduct or other aspects. Moreover, concern needs to be  given  to  the  atmosphere  in which the transducer  is  placed.  Lastly, the calibration process should be regarded.  Each  of  these  groups  is  mentioned  as  part  of  the choice  requirements  for transducers. The common choice requirements detailed in this area should be regarded representative; other elements may be necessary for particular transducers.

Q.- Define the measurement requirements for a transducer?

Ans:The  measurement requirements a transducer are as follows-

    Range:  The  variety  is  the  set  of  principles  a  transducer  is  developed  to  evaluate.  The  lowest  and  highest possible  principles  of  the  transducer's  variety  are  known as  the  endpoints.  Some transducers  can  be altered to protect a different variety by attenuating the measurand -for example, a delicate rays  transducer can be used if the calculated amount is attenuated using radiation-absorbing filtration. It is not  always  possible  to  discover  a  individual  transducer  to  protect  the  whole  variety  of measurand  values;  in these situations transducers with the actual varies must be chosen

 Input tolerance : The  input  tolerance  is  the  tiniest noticeable value of  the calculated amount  beginning near  the zero value of the varying. For a port to be discovered, it must be possible to determine a exclusive  variety to the input. The choice of a transducer needs that it answer in a apparent style to the tolerance.

• Dynamic behavior : The  dynamic  conduct  of  a  transducer  identifies how  the  transducer  can  answer  to  a modifying  feedback.  No  transducer could  adhere to  an  immediate  modify.  (For  that  issue,  no measurand can modify instantaneously!) The transducer's dynamic efficiency is usually specified as a regularity reaction or reaction time, with regards to the form of transducer. The reaction time is the  time  necessary  to  arrive at a specified amount  (typically 90%  to 99%) of  the  last  value  for a given  modify  of  the  feedback.  The  reaction  time  is  calculated  in  much the  same  way  as  the  time continuous for an RC or RL routine. (Recall that time continuous is time necessary for the result to arrive at 63% of its last value.)
  
      Precision and quality :Accuracy  is  the  change  between  the  calculated  and  approved  value.  The  accuracy specifications  for  a  particular  statistic  can  significantly  impact  the  complete  price  of  the  statistic program.  In  inclusion,  certain  transducers,  such  as  stress  gages  and  stress  transducers,  have  a exhaustion  lifestyle  that  can  modify  the  accuracy,  based upon  on  the  length  and  cyclic  conduct  of  the measurand.  In  some  situations,  the  accuracy  isn't  as  essential  as  the  capability  to  recognize  a  little  modify (resolution), as when amounts are being in comparison. For example, in underground-tank examining, the program between  the  fluid and air can  be  situated by monitoring  the  little  heat range change between  the  air  and  fluid.  In  other  situations,  reliability  is  the  most  essential  specifications.  Other accuracy mistakes consist of nonlinearities due to a zero switch or float due to getting older, which can impact the long-term repeatability of dimensions

• Repeat ability and hysteresis errors: Repeatability  is  the biggest possible modify  between  subsequent measurements  of  the same quantity when the determined aspect  is approached whenever  from the same path  for  full-range moves. It is usually indicated as a quantity modify of the full-scale outcome. Hysteresis error is  the  maximum possible  modify  between  subsequent  measurements  for  the  same  quantity  when  the determined  aspect  is  approached  each  time  from  a  different  path  for  full-range  moves.  An example  is when  backlash  in  gearing  causes  the  areas  of  a  change  to  be  different,  in relation to  on whether the gearing was transformed in one path or the other.

Q.- Explain the operational and environmental considerations for a transducer?

Ans:The operational and environmental considerations for a transducer are as follows-

• Natural hazards :The transducer, electrical wiring, and connections must all be able to hold up against the consequences of experience  the  required  atmosphere.  Natural  risks  include  the  results  of  dirt  and  dirt,  high  or  low conditions, water (including sodium water), and moist conditions. Cable insulating material is available that is immune to these results as well as chemicals, chemicals, facets, and  so  forth. In comparison, the transducer should  not  present  a  threat  to  the  atmosphere  in which  it  is  placed-including  producing  electrical problems such as surge threat or impact threat.

• Human-caused hazards :Human-caused  risks  include  high-radiation  conditions,  harsh  or  risky substances,  engagement,  scratching,  shake,  and  intense  conditions,  to  name  a  few.  The electric powered  indication  from  the  transducer may  be  interupted with  if  the  indication  cords  are  provided  in  an electronically  deafening  atmosphere,  another  possible  threat  for  proper  function,  particularly  with transducers that have a low result indication.

• Power requirements: Power  requirements  depend  on  the  type  of  transducer.  Non-active  transducers,  such  as photocells,  convert  some  of  the  incident  source  energy  into  energy  energy.  Others need a source of excitation, which can be a dc or ac source. If the transducer is being handled in a practical portable remote management control management or noisy environment, the energy provides become a source of potential concerns. signal-conditioning requirements If  the transducer  produces  a  very  little  sign  or  it  is  located  at  a practical portable remote management control management position  or  in  a  noisy environment,  enhancing  or  other  sign exercising  may  be  necessary  at  the  transducer.  The transducer  outcome may  need  to  be  personalized  into  a  appropriate  framework  for  the  relax of  the instrumentation system.

• Physical requirements :In  some  set ups,  the  area available may  be  restricted or  the measurand may  be over a restricted area. If the amount to be calculated  is powerful, such as  in the case of a collimated light, the actual dimension the transducer can impact the result.

• Loading effects :Loading results cause the measurand to be disturbed in some style by the use of the transducer. All measurements  in  some way change  the  amount  to  be established.  For  example,  a rotating-vane action determine substances a bit of the energy from the fluid to turn the vane and thus changes the action from its properly successfully effectively properly properly secured value. Managing can also occur in the electrical-measuring schedule. Power handling can occur when a transducer with an relative amazing The venin stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of resistance is  attached  to  an  company with  a  restricted  views  impedance.  In  this  situation  the  transducer  sign  is reduced by the connection to the company. Many transducers have a very amazing relative Thevenin stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of stage of resistance  (pH electrodes,  for example),  so  it  is  essential to be aware of  the need  for appropriate amplifiers.

• Human factors : that need to be considered in the option of a transducer are the handling by knowledgeable   people for creating up  and  using  the  transducer,  the  advantages  of  set up,  the  cost  of  the transducer, and the necessary maintenance.     
  

 Q.- What are condition's for selection a  transducers?

Ans:following condition's for choice a  transducer as, Understanding , Range ,  Disturbance   Result impedance,     Power specifications, Physical qualities  ,    Running effect and frame distortions ,     Mistake or precision, Regularity reaction, Calibration Electrical output structure,      Atmosphere above choice terms to be taken as per application and uses the transducers.

Q.- What are measurands that we can measure by help of transducers?

  
 Ans:Strain  , Torque  ,Displacement  , Atomic and surface profiles Position   , Gas attention and pH   , Speed,  pH and partially stress of O2 and CO2Acceleration , in blood, Force and fill  , Infra-red radiation

Rotation and development      Attractive field  ,Vibrations,   Sound areas  ,Flow ,Medical image resolution Temperature, Non-destructive examining  ,Pressure    ,Audio areas ,Vacuum , Spinning and assistance and disturbance.